Pathways of association between disordered eating in adolescence and mental health outcomes in young adulthood during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with increased mental health problems. We investigated (1) associations between disordered eating in adolescence and mental health problems after one year of the pandemic and (2) the mechanisms explaining associations. METHOD: We analyzed data from a population-based birth cohort in Quebec, Canada (557 males and 759 females). High and low levels of disordered eating symptom trajectories were previously estimated (age 12, 15, 17, and 20 years). Anxiety, depression, non-suicidal self-injury, and suicidal ideation were assessed at 23 years (March-June 2021). Putative mediators included loneliness and social media use (age 22 years, July-August 2020). Analyses controlled for mental health and socio-economic status at age 10-12 years and were conducted for males and females separately. RESULTS: Females in the high-level disordered eating symptom trajectory were at increased risk for non-suicidal self-injury (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.02-2.52) and suicidal ideation (2.16; 1.31-3.57), whereas males were at increased risk for severe anxiety (2.49; CI 1.11-5.58). Males and females in the high-level trajectory were more likely to report severe depression (2.26; 1.14-5.92 and 2.15, 1.36-3.38 respectively). Among females, associations were partially explained (17-35%) by loneliness during the first 4 months of the pandemic. CONCLUSION: Young adults who experienced disordered eating as adolescents were at increased risk of mental health problems during the pandemic. Loneliness partially mediated the effect, suggesting that pandemic mitigation resulting in increased social isolation may have exacerbated mental health problems among women with a history of disordered eating.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIFS: La pandémie de COVID-19 a été associée à une augmentation des problèmes de santé mentale. Nous avons investigué 1) les associations entre les problèmes de comportement alimentaire à l'adolescence et les problèmes de santé mentale après un an de pandémie et 2) les mécanismes expliquant les associations. MéTHODE: Nous avons analysé les données d'une cohorte de naissance basée sur la population au Québec, Canada (557 hommes et 759 femmes). Nous avons utilisé des trajectoires précédemment estimées indicatives d'un haut et bas niveau de problèmes alimentaires (à l'âge de 12, 15, 17 et 20 ans). L'anxiété, la dépression, l'automutilation et les idées suicidaires ont été évaluées à 23 ans (mars à juin 2021). Les médiateurs putatifs incluaient la solitude et l'utilisation des réseaux sociaux (à l'âge de 22 ans, juillet à août 2020). Les analyses contrôlaient la santé mentale et le statut socio-économique à l'âge de 10 à 12 ans et ont été menées séparément pour les hommes et les femmes. RéSULTATS: Les femmes dans la trajectoire des problèmes alimentaires élevés présentaient un risque accru d'automutilation non-suicidaire (OR 1,60; IC à 95 % 1,02-2,52) et d'idées suicidaires (2,16; 1,31-3,57), tandis que les hommes présentaient un risque accru d'anxiété sévère (2,49; IC 1,11-5,58). Les hommes et les femmes de la trajectoire élevée étaient plus susceptibles de déclarer une dépression grave (2,26; 1,14-5,92 et 2,15; 1,36-3,38, respectivement). Chez les femmes, les associations s'expliquaient en partie (17-35 %) par la solitude durant les 4 premiers mois de la pandémie. CONCLUSION: Les jeunes adultes ayant connu des problèmes de comportement alimentaire à l'adolescence couraient un risque accru de problèmes de santé mentale pendant la pandémie. La solitude a partiellement atténué l'effet, suggérant que l'isolation accrue entrainée par la pandémie peut avoir exacerbé les problèmes de santé mentale chez les femmes ayant des antécédents de problèmes de comportement alimentaire.

Introduction: A young science with a long history

The babies born in Europe and North America between 1939 and 1945 (World War II babies) did not come into the world of humans at the best of times. Their parents were living in what could then be considered the most civilized cultures ever. However, these highly civilized cultures were creating the worst carnage ever. Between 70 and 85 million humans were killed during World War II, including 6 million Jewish people in extermination camps, through mass shootings, and in gas chambers. The parents and grandparents of World War II babies suffered from this Second World War before they had recovered from the numerous negative impacts of World War II. They most certainly could not foresee that their World War II babies would have the exceptional good fortune of growing up, with their own children and grandchildren, in a world that would manage to maintain the longest relative peace yet achieved among the major countries involved in World War II. From that perspective, the World War II babies born in Europe and North America can probably be considered the luckiest humans who have ever lived ... until the COVID-19 pandemic! (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

Changes in emerging adults' alcohol and cannabis use from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a prospective birth cohort.

OBJECTIVE: Prospective research is needed to better-understand changes in substance use from before to during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, among emerging adults (18-25 years), a high-risk group for substance use. METHOD: N = 1,096 (weighted sample N = 1,080; 54% female) participants enrolled in the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, who completed prepandemic (2019; 21 years) and COVID-19 (mid-March to mid-June 2020) surveys. COVID-19-related and preexisting factors were examined as moderators of change in substance use. RESULTS: Full sample analyses revealed decreased binge drinking (p < .001, Bayes factor [BF] = 22, Cohen's f² = 0.02), but no changes in alcohol and cannabis use. Stratified analyses revealed emerging adults who reported < monthly use prepandemic increased their alcohol use (p < .001, BF > 150, f² = 0.05) and binge drinking (p < .001, BF = 27, f² = 0.01), but not their cannabis use. Conversely, emerging adults who reported >monthly use prepandemic decreased their binge drinking (p < .001, BF > 150, f² = .12) and cannabis use (p < .001, BF > 150, f² = .06), but did not change their alcohol use frequency. Several factors moderated change in substance use, including employment loss (p = .005, BF > 39, f² = .03) and loneliness (p = .018, BF > 150, f² = .10) during COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in alcohol and cannabis use frequency among emerging adults in the first 3 months of COVID-19 largely differed according to prepandemic substance use, COVID-19-related factors, and preexisting factors. While some youth with preexisting vulnerabilities (e.g., more frequent substance use prepandemic) remained stable or decreased their substance use during COVID-19, emerging adults who experienced employment loss, loneliness, and financial concerns during COVID-19 increased their substance use, highlighting the need for increased supports for vulnerable populations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Depression and anxiety symptoms in young adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a Canadian population-based cohort.

BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised that the COVID-19 pandemic could increase risk for adverse mental health outcomes, especially in young adults, a vulnerable age group. We investigated changes in depression and anxiety symptoms (overall and severe) from before to during the pandemic, as well as whether these changes are linked to COVID-19-related stressors and pre-existing vulnerabilities in young adults followed in the context of a population-based cohort. METHOD: Participants (n = 1039) from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development reported on their depression (Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, short form) and anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale) symptoms and completed a COVID-19 questionnaire during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the summer of 2020 (age 22 years). Assessments at age 20 (2018) were used to estimate pre-pandemic depression and anxiety symptom severity. RESULTS: While mean levels of depression and anxiety symptoms did not change from before to during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., the mean of depressive symptoms was 9.30 in 2018 and 9.59 in 2020), we observed a slight increase in rates of severe depression (scores ≥ 21) from before (6.1%) to during (8.2%) the pandemic. Most COVID-19-related variables (e.g., loss of education/occupation, frequent news-seeking) - except living alone - and most pre-existing vulnerabilities (e.g., low SES, low social support) were not associated with changes in depression or anxiety symptoms. However, results varied as a function of pre-pandemic levels of depression and anxiety: depression and anxiety symptoms increased among adults with the lowest levels of symptoms before the pandemic, while they decreased among those with the highest levels of symptoms, possibly reflecting a regression to the mean. CONCLUSIONS: Depression and anxiety symptoms in young adults from Québec in Summer 2020 were mostly comparable to symptoms reported in 2018. Most COVID-19-related stressors and pre-existing vulnerabilities were not associated with changes in symptoms, except living alone and pre-existing symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, the increased rate of severe depression warrants further investigation.